1 SEASON. [106] From 1138 onwards, Stephen gave them the earldoms of Worcester, Leicester, Hereford, Warwick and Pembroke, which especially when combined with the possessions of Stephen's new ally, Prince Henry, in Cumberland and Northumbria created a wide block of territory to act as a buffer zone between the troubled south-west, Chester, and the rest of the kingdom. [221] Despite the issuing of new currency and administrative reforms, Stephen might potentially have lived for many more years, whilst Henry's position on the continent was far from secure. [190] Following this peace agreement, Henry and Ranulf agreed to attack York, probably with help from the Scots. [145] When Matilda advanced to London in an effort to stage her coronation in June, though, she faced an uprising by the local citizens in support of Stephen that forced her to flee to Oxford, uncrowned. [15] Stephen probably first visited England in either 1113 or 1115, almost certainly as part of Henry's court. [214] Eustace's death removed an obvious claimant to the throne and was politically convenient for those seeking a permanent peace in England. 94, 115; Barlow, p. 162. One of the first seven deacons of the Christian Church, Saint Stephen is also the first Christian to be martyred for the Faith (hence the title, often applied to him, of protomartyr that is, "first martyr"). The two armies met at Wallingford, but neither side's barons were keen to fight another pitched battle. [45] Stephen's elder brother Theobald was further south still, in Blois. He was Count of Boulogne jure uxoris from 1125 until 1147 and Duke of Normandy from 1135 until 1144. [183] With Stephen often based in the south-east, increasingly Westminster, rather than the older site of Winchester, was used as the centre of royal government. Historian Robert Helmerichs, for example, describes some of the inconsistencies in these accounts. [129] Robert of Gloucester's men retook some of the territory that Stephen had taken in his 1139 campaign. [43] The Norman kings had traditionally exercised a great deal of power and autonomy over the church within their territories. The King tried to convince the Church to agree to crown Eustace to reinforce his claim; Pope Eugene III refused, and Stephen found himself in a sequence of increasingly bitter arguments with his senior clergy. WebStephen Sharer - Jump In! David of Scotland also invaded the north of England once again, announcing that he was supporting the claim of his niece the Empress Matilda to the throne, pushing south into Yorkshire. He had made a private deal with the Empress Matilda that he would deliver the support of the church, if she agreed to give him control over church business in England. The story of Saint Stephen's ordination as a deacon is found in the sixth chapter of the Acts of the Apostles, which also recounts the plot against Stephen and the beginning of the trial that resulted in his martyrdom; the seventh chapter [32] Stephen was amongst those who took this oath in 1127. 5455. [220], Stephen's decision to recognise Henry as his heir was, at the time, not necessarily a final solution to the civil war. David Carpenter and R. Davis, however, observe that Stephen had ended up breaking his promises to the Church, was forced to appear before a church court, and damaged his relationship with Henry of Blois, which would have grave implications in 1141. [36] He was very pious, both in terms of his observance of religious rituals and his personal generosity to the church. [147] No help was forthcoming from Stephen's brother Theobald this time either, who appears to have been preoccupied with his own problems with Francethe new French king, Louis VII, had rejected his father's regional alliance, improving relations with Anjou and taking a more bellicose line with Theobald, which would result in war the following year. The royal charter of 1136 had promised to review the ownership of all the lands that had been taken by the crown from the church since 1087, but these estates were now typically owned by nobles. [104][nb 13] He appears to have had several objectives in mind, including both ensuring the loyalty of his key supporters by granting them these honours, and improving his defences in key parts of the kingdom. Together with his close advisor, Waleran de Beaumont, Stephen took firm steps to defend his rule, including arresting a powerful family of bishops. [212] By this point in the war, the barons on both sides seem to have been eager to avoid an open battle. [174] Miles of Gloucester, one of the most talented Angevin commanders, had died whilst hunting over the previous Christmas, relieving some of the pressure in the west. [4] The brothers formed a close-knit family group, and Adela encouraged Stephen to take up the role of a feudal knight, whilst steering Henry towards a career in the church, possibly so that their personal career interests would not overlap. Le Patourel, John (1973) "What did not happen in Stephen's reign?". WebStephen Announces New Book on Podcast. Stephen D. Moore III, 33, of Williamsport, was called home by our Heavenly Father on Wednesday, Jan. 4, 2023 at his home. (1990) "The End of Stephen's Reign,", Yoshitake, Kenji. He gained the throne by usurpation but failed to consolidate his power during the ensuing civil strife. [95] The cost of warfare had risen considerably in the first part of the 12th century, and adequate supplies of ready cash were increasingly proving important in the success of campaigns. The name, in both the forms Stephen and Steven, is often shortened to Steve or Stevie. [12] Henry then found himself in conflict with Louis VI of France, who took the opportunity to declare Robert's son, William Clito, the Duke of Normandy. Stephen Colbert spotted a weird moment involving Rep. George Santos (R-N.Y.), the newly elected Long Island House member caught in so many lies that his local GOP leaders are calling on him to resign. Stephen (1092 or 1096 25 October 1154), often referred to as Stephen of Blois, was King of England from 22 December 1135 to his death in 1154. WebStephen became increasingly concerned with ensuring that his son Eustace would inherit his throne. [119] The reasoning behind Stephen's decision to release his rival remains unclear. [222] After a busy summer in 1154, however, Stephen travelled to Dover to meet Thierry, Count of Flanders; some historians believe that the King was already ill and preparing to settle his family affairs. He portrayed Chase Adams on The CW drama series One Tree Hill [2] [3] [4] and appeared for two seasons on the MTV reality television series Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County. [138] Many of his supporters, including Waleran de Beaumont and William of Ypres, fled from the field at this point but Stephen fought on, defending himself first with his sword and then, when that broke, with a borrowed battle axe. [100] Stephen's wife Matilda was sent to negotiate another agreement between Stephen and David, called the treaty of Durham; Northumbria and Cumbria would effectively be granted to David and his son Henry, in exchange for their fealty and future peace along the border. One of the first seven deacons of the Christian Church, Saint Stephen is also the first Christian to be martyred for the Faith (hence the title, often applied to him, of protomartyr that is, "first martyr"). [204] Since the only person who could crown Eustace was Archbishop Theobald, who refused to do so without agreement from the current pope, Eugene III, the matter reached an impasse. [173], After 1143 the war ground on, but progressing slightly better for Stephen. Stephen, also called Stephen Of Blois, (born c. 1097died Oct. 25, 1154, Dover, Kent, Eng. Baldwin de Redvers crossed over from Normandy to Wareham in August in an initial attempt to capture a port to receive the Empress Matilda's invading army, but Stephen's forces forced him to retreat into the south-west. He was freed only after his wife and William of Ypres, one of his military commanders, captured Robert at the Rout of Winchester, but the war dragged on for many years with neither side able to win an advantage. [78][nb 10][nb 11], In the years following his succession, Stephen's relationship with the church became gradually more complex. [90] An illegitimate son of Henry I and the half-brother of the Empress Matilda, Robert was one of the most powerful Anglo-Norman barons, controlling estates in Normandy. [42] Henry of Winchester was keen to reverse what he perceived as encroachment by the Norman kings on the rights of the church. WebStephen Sharer - Jump In! Stephen was the third son of Stephen, Count of Blois and Chartres, and Adela, daughter of King William I the [4], His younger brother, Henry of Blois, was probably born four years after him. WebStephen Colletti (born February 7, 1986) is an American actor and television personality. [38], Rumours about his father's cowardice during the First Crusade, however, continued to circulate, and a desire to avoid the same reputation may have influenced some of Stephen's rasher military actions. Henry vigorously re-established royal authority in the aftermath of the civil war, dismantling castles and increasing revenues, although several of these trends had begun under Stephen. [82] Stephen formed an army to retake it, but the frictions between his Flemish mercenary forces led by William of Ypres and the local Norman barons resulted in a battle between the two halves of his army. His friend and advisor Waleran was one of those who decided to defect in mid-1141, crossing into Normandy to secure his ancestral possessions by allying himself with the Angevins, and bringing Worcestershire into the Empress's camp. He gained the throne by usurpation but failed to consolidate his power during the ensuing civil strife. In 1153, the Empress's son Henry invaded England and built an alliance of powerful regional barons to support his claim for the throne. [197], Stephen's relationship with the church deteriorated badly towards the end of his reign. Stephen, also spelled Steven, is a strong and likable classic, with the he's-a-great-guy short form Steve. [171] As with Geoffrey, the moment Ranulf was released he immediately rebelled, but the situation was a stalemate: Stephen had few forces in the north with which to prosecute a fresh campaign, whilst Ranulf lacked the castles to support an attack on Stephen. [97], Stephen's personal qualities as a military leader focused on his skill in personal combat, his capabilities in siege warfare and a remarkable ability to move military forces quickly over relatively long distances. Stephen King is returning to the character of Holly Gibney in a new novel titled Holly. [239] William Stubbs focused on these constitutional aspects of Stephen's reign in his 1874 volume the Constitutional History of England, beginning an enduring interest in Stephen and his reign. 279280; Bradbury, p. 187. [127] Stephen was forced to give up his western campaign, returning east to stabilise the situation and protect his capital. [243] Modern historians vary in their assessments of Stephen as a king. The King tried to convince the Church to agree to crown Eustace to reinforce his claim; Pope Eugene III refused, and Stephen found himself in a sequence of increasingly bitter arguments with his senior clergy. WebThe name Stephen is boy's name of Greek origin meaning "garland, crown". [153] The Queen appears to have generated genuine sympathy and support from Stephen's more loyal followers. [18] In 1127, William Clito, a potential claimant to the English throne, seemed likely to become the Count of Flanders; Stephen was sent by the King on a mission to prevent this, and in the aftermath of his successful election, William Clito attacked Stephen's lands in neighbouring Boulogne in retaliation. Medieval financial figures are notoriously hard to convert into modern currency; for comparison, 2,000 marks equated to around 1,333 in a period in which a major castle rebuilding project might cost around 1,115. Theobald was appointed a papal legate in 1151, adding to his authority. [88] There were significant underlying problems, nonetheless. WebHow to use Stephen in a sentence. (1974) "King Stephen and the Anglo-Norman Aristocracy". [223], Certainly many problems remained to be resolved, including re-establishing royal authority over the provinces and resolving the complex issue of which barons should control the contested lands and estates after the long civil war. Stephen was probably with Henry during the military campaign of 1112, when he was knighted by the King. [107] With their new lands, the power of the Beamounts grew to the point where David Crouch suggests that it became "dangerous to be anything other than a friend of Waleran" at Stephen's court. Stephen Hawking, in full Stephen William Hawking, (born January 8, 1942, Oxford, Oxfordshire, Englanddied March 14, 2018, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire), English theoretical physicist whose theory of exploding black holes drew upon both relativity theory and quantum mechanics. From Latin Stephanus, from Ancient Greek (Stphanos), from (stphanos, crown, wreath), from (stph, to put round, to surround) . WebDRAMA & SOAPS. Historians, Economists, and Economic History. [3][nb 3] Stephen's remaining older brother, Odo, died young, probably in his early teens. [120] Another theory is that Stephen released Matilda out of a sense of chivalry; he was certainly known for having a generous, courteous personality and women were not normally expected to be targeted in Anglo-Norman warfare. Stephen did not participate in the Second Crusade himself due to internal conflicts in his kingdom. [168] He threatened to execute Geoffrey unless the Earl handed over his various castles, including the Tower of London, Saffron Walden and Pleshey, all important fortifications because they were in, or close to, London. Stephen King is returning to the character of Holly Gibney in a new novel titled Holly. Following their 127-118 victory on the road against the Washington Wizards on Monday afternoon, Golden State Warriors head coach Steve Kerr compared Stephen Curry to Michael Jordan. First, Robert, Earl of Gloucester, rebelled against the King, starting the descent into civil war in England. [77], The security of Normandy was also a concern. The spelling as Stephen created many more, filling them with men he considered to be loyal, capable military commanders, and in the more vulnerable parts of the country assigning them new lands and additional executive powers. [244] Stephen's lack of sound policy judgement and his mishandling of international affairs, leading to the loss of Normandy and his consequent inability to win the civil war in England, is also highlighted by another of his biographers, David Crouch. The Feudal Kingdom of England, 10421216. Stephen Colbert spotted a weird moment involving Rep. George Santos (R-N.Y.), the newly elected Long Island House member caught in so many lies that his local GOP leaders are calling on him to resign. [154] In the subsequent battle the Empress's forces were defeated and Robert of Gloucester himself was taken prisoner. [141] He was initially left confined in relatively good conditions, but his security was later tightened and he was kept in chains. [58][nb 8], Stephen's new Anglo-Norman kingdom had been shaped by the Norman conquest of England in 1066, followed by the Norman expansion into south Wales over the coming years. [247], Stephen and his reign have been occasionally used in historical fiction. The spelling as ), king of England from 1135 to 1154. [24] Despite the King taking a second wife, Adeliza of Louvain, it became increasingly unlikely that he would have another legitimate son, and he instead looked to Matilda as his intended heir. For his father, the Crusader, see. [159] Stephen then spent the summer attacking some of the new Angevin castles built the previous year, including Cirencester, Bampton and Wareham. God's War: a New History of the Crusades. Stephen, also spelled Steven, is a strong and likable classic, with the he's-a-great-guy short form Steve. [72] His accession to the throne still needed to be ratified by the Pope, however, and Henry of Blois appears to have been responsible for ensuring that testimonials of support were sent both from Stephen's brother Theobald and from the French king Louis VI, to whom Stephen represented a useful balance to Angevin power in the north of France. [53] Northern England was a disputed territory at this time, with the Scottish kings laying a traditional claim to Cumberland, and David also claiming Northumbria by virtue of his marriage to the daughter of Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria. [249] In contrast, he is depicted unsympathetically in both Ken Follett's historical novel The Pillars of the Earth and the TV mini-series adapted from it. [33] Nonetheless, relations between Henry, Matilda, and Geoffrey became increasingly strained towards the end of the King's life. [194] He wanted to confirm his eldest son, Eustace, as his successor, although chroniclers recorded that Eustace was infamous for levying heavy taxes and extorting money from those on his lands. [221] Although Stephen's son William was unprepared to challenge Henry for the throne in 1153, the situation could well have shifted in subsequent yearsthere were widespread rumours during 1154 that William planned to assassinate Henry, for example. Stephen King is returning to the character of Holly Gibney in a new novel titled Holly. They hadnt seen each other since Stephen moved out of the neighborhood two years before, and as they catch up Teichner laments the recent [25] The problem was further complicated by the sequence of unstable Anglo-Norman successions over the previous sixty yearsWilliam the Conqueror had gained England by force, William Rufus and Robert Curthose had fought a war between them to establish their inheritance, and Henry had only acquired control of Normandy by force. WebWhat does Stephen mean? With some distressing scenes Turn on Parental controls. [160] Oxford was a secure town, protected by walls and the river Isis, but Stephen led a sudden attack across the river, leading the charge and swimming part of the way. With some distressing scenes Turn on Parental controls. [46], Theobald met with the Norman barons and Robert of Gloucester at Lisieux on 21 December. Following the battle of Tinchebray in 1106, Henry confiscated the County of Mortain from his cousin William, and the Honour of Eye, a large lordship previously owned by Robert Malet. [110][nb 14], Stephen's brother, Henry of Blois, was alarmed by this, both as a matter of principle, since Stephen had previously agreed in 1135 to respect the freedoms of the church, and more pragmatically because he himself had recently built six castles and had no desire to be treated in the same way. [149] Many started to leave Stephen's faction. [113] As the papal legate, he summoned the King to appear before an ecclesiastical council to answer for the arrests and seizure of property. WebAbout Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features [119], Stephen then agreed to a truce proposed by his brother, Henry; the full details of the truce are not known, but the results were that Stephen first released Matilda from the siege and then allowed her and her household of knights to be escorted to the south-west, where they were reunited with Robert of Gloucester. When the Empress and Robert invaded in 1139, Stephen was unable to crush the revolt rapidly, and it took hold in the south-west of England. [87], Stephen's first few years as king can be interpreted in different ways. King, Edmund. [248] Peters' depiction of Stephen's reign is an essentially local narrative, focused on the town of Shrewsbury and its environs. Stephen was the third son of Stephen, Count of Blois and Chartres, and Adela, daughter of King William I the WebText me: 7034203579 LA-based Producer/Songwriter/Musician MGMT / BOOKING / PRESS https://heroic.family/artist/stephen/ WebStephen or Steven is a common English first name. Biblical: Stephen was the first Christian martyr. The story of Saint Stephen's ordination as a deacon is found in the sixth chapter of the Acts of the Apostles, which also recounts the plot against Stephen and the beginning of the trial that resulted in his martyrdom; the seventh chapter Struggle for Mastery: The Penguin History of Britain 10661284. [nb 20] The contemporary Anglo-Saxon Chronicle recorded how "there was nothing but disturbance and wickedness and robbery". [10] Unusually, Stephen was raised in his mother's household rather than being sent to a close relative; he was taught Latin and riding, and was educated in recent history and Biblical stories by his tutor, William the Norman. [222] Historian Graham White describes the treaty of Winchester as a "precarious peace", in line with the judgement of most modern historians that the situation in late 1153 was still uncertain and unpredictable. King, Edmund. This threat was backed up by the arrest of the bishops, with the exception of Nigel who had taken refuge in Devizes Castle; the bishop only surrendered after Stephen besieged the castle and threatened to execute Roger le Poer. He was present at court during the King's visit to the Abbey of Saint-Evroul in 1113. In 1138, the Empress's half-brother Robert of Gloucester rebelled against Stephen, threatening civil war. TV-PG. [227] Stephen's son William was confirmed as the Earl of Surrey by Henry, and prospered under the new regime, with the occasional point of tension with Henry. [19] Stephen and his older brother Theobald were comprehensively beaten in the subsequent campaign, which culminated in the Battle of Alenon, and the territories were not recovered. WebStephen or Steven is a common English first name. The story of Saint Stephen's ordination as a deacon is found in the sixth chapter of the Acts of the Apostles, which also recounts the plot against Stephen and the beginning of the trial that resulted in his martyrdom; the seventh chapter [180] Numerous "adulterine", or unauthorised, castles had been built as bases for local lordsthe chronicler Robert of Torigny complained that as many as 1,115 such castles had been built during the conflict, although this was probably an exaggeration as elsewhere he suggested an alternative figure of 126. [57] Theobald then agreed to the Normans' proposal that he be made king, only to find that his former support immediately ebbed away: the barons were not prepared to support the division of England and Normandy by opposing Stephen, who subsequently financially compensated Theobald, who in return remained in Blois and supported his brother's succession. [14], Henry became a powerful patron of Stephen, and probably chose to support him because Stephen was part of his extended family and a regional ally, yet not sufficiently wealthy or powerful in his own right to represent a threat to either the King or his heir, William Adelin. Stephen, also called Stephen Of Blois, (born c. 1097died Oct. 25, 1154, Dover, Kent, Eng. [91] A small number of Stephen's household knights were sent north to help the fight against the Scots, where David's forces were defeated later that year at the battle of the Standard in August by the forces of Thurstan, the Archbishop of York. [70] The Easter court was a lavish event, and a large amount of money was spent on the event itself, clothes and gifts. [7] [17] [18] Between 1979 and 2009, he was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge, widely viewed as one of the [191] Stephen marched rapidly north to York and the planned attack disintegrated, leaving Henry to return to Normandy, where he was declared duke by his father. [21], In 1120, the English political landscape changed dramatically. WebStephen Colletti (born February 7, 1986) is an American actor and television personality. [118] Stephen promptly moved south, besieging Arundel and trapping Matilda inside the castle. [76] Meanwhile, he had put down two revolts in the south-west led by Baldwin de Redvers and Robert of Bampton; Baldwin was released after his capture and travelled to Normandy, where he became an increasingly vocal critic of the King. Stephen was one of the seven men chosen to be responsible over the distribution of food to widows in the early church after a dispute arose and the apostles recognized they needed help. [226], After Stephen's death, Henry II succeeded to the throne of England. [30] Conflict was curtailed, however, by the power of the King's personality and reputation. WebAbout Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features [139] Finally, he was overwhelmed by Robert's men and taken away from the field in custody. [53] David I of Scotland invaded the north on the news of Henry's death, taking Carlisle, Newcastle and other key strongholds. He also worked with space-time singularities. [84] He agreed to another truce with Geoffrey, promising to pay him 2,000 marks a year in exchange for peace along the Norman borders. He was also "full of Gods grace and power, performed great wonders and signs among the people" (Acts 6:8). Carpenter, p. 173; Davis, p. 68; Crouch (2008b), p. 47. [176] The war in the west progressed better in 1145, with the King recapturing Faringdon Castle in Oxfordshire. Other supporters of the Empress were restored in their former strongholds, such as Bishop Nigel of Ely, or received new earldoms in the west of England. Making a Living in the Middle Ages: The People of Britain, 850 1520. [148] Geoffrey's success in Normandy and Stephen's weakness in England began to influence the loyalty of many Anglo-Norman barons, who feared losing their lands in England to Robert and the Empress, and their possessions in Normandy to Geoffrey. After the Welsh victory at the battle of Llwchwr in January 1136 and the successful ambush of Richard Fitz Gilbert de Clare in April, south Wales rose in rebellion, starting in east Glamorgan and rapidly spreading across the rest of south Wales during 1137. Following their 127-118 victory on the road against the Washington Wizards on Monday afternoon, Golden State Warriors head coach Steve Kerr compared Stephen Curry to Michael Jordan. It is possible, however, that Stephen had already begun to consider passing over Eustace's claim; historian Edmund King observes that Eustace's claim to the throne was not mentioned in the discussions at Wallingford, for example, and this may have added to his anger. [89] Stephen was also rapidly running out of money: Henry's considerable treasury had been emptied by 1138 due to the costs of running Stephen's more lavish court and the need to raise and maintain his mercenary armies fighting in England and Normandy. [195] Stephen's second son, William, was married to the extremely wealthy heiress Isabel de Warenne. (2001) "'Ad tutandos partriae fines': The Defense of Normandy, 1135," in Abels, Richard Philip and Bernard S. Bachrach. Posted: March 2nd, 2022 7:29:15 pm EST. Jim Bradbury provides an accessible summary of the argument as to the extent of "the Anarchy". The spelling as [114][nb 15], The Angevin invasion finally arrived in 1139. 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