[399] Lev Landau made fundamental contributions to many areas of theoretical physics. [226] In many regions of East Siberia and the Russian Far East, winter is dry compared to summer; while other parts of the country experience more even precipitation across seasons. [47][99][100], As inter-ethnic language but with no official status, or. [69], In Kyrgyzstan, Russian is a co-official language per article 5 of the Constitution of Kyrgyzstan. The Havana State University has started a bachelor's specialization called the Russian Language and the Second Foreign Language. Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan", ", . ", " ", "Ukraine defends education reform as Hungary promises 'pain', "Ukrainian Language Bill Facing Barrage Of Criticism From Minorities, Foreign Capitals", "Results of the 2009 National Population Census of the Republic of Kazakhstan", "Population And Housing Census Of The Kyrgyz Republic Of 2009", "Russian Language Status in Central Asian Countries", "For Mongolians, E Is for English, F Is for Future", : , "Window on Eurasia New Series: Percentage of Native Speakers of Russian Higher in Israel than in Most Former Soviet Republics", "Vietnam to add Chinese, Russian to elementary school curriculum", "Language Use in the United States: 2007, census.gov", "Russian is now the second most used language on the web", "Esperanto: its origins and early history", "RusKey: mapping the Russian keyboard layout into the Latin alphabets", https://www.rbth.com/education/328851-dialects-russian-language/amp, "Can Russians from different parts of the country understand each other? [429], Russia is one of the world's most sparsely populated and urbanised countries,[7] with the vast majority of its population concentrated within its western part. ", International Institute for Strategic Studies, "Russian Military Reform and Defense Policy", "Nuclear Weapons: Who Has What at a Glance", "Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2020", Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, "Russian Arms Sales and Defense Industry", "Ukraine war: Protester exposes cracks in Kremlin's war message", "In Russia's Election, Putin's Opponents Are Seeing Double", "In Shadow of Navalny Case, What's Left of the Russian Opposition? Also, the second palatalization of velars did not occur there, so the so-called (from the Proto-Slavic diphthong *ai) did not cause /k, , x/ to shift to /ts, dz, s/; therefore, where Standard Russian has ('chain'), the form [kep] is attested in earlier texts. In a statement, the military said the soldiers "went together to Hell" after they were struck by missiles. Pushkin revolutionized Russian literature by rejecting archaic grammar and vocabulary (so-called "high style") in favor of grammar and vocabulary found in the spoken language of the time. [7] Russia has a low official unemployment rate of 4.1%. [622] Dziga Vertov's "Kino-Eye" theory had a huge impact on the development of documentary filmmaking and cinema realism. By 1800, a significant portion of the gentry spoke French daily, and German sometimes. [153] Following the ousting of Khrushchev in 1964, another period of collective rule ensued, until Leonid Brezhnev became the leader. The yers and originally indicated the pronunciation of ultra-short or reduced //, //. [44] The invaders, later known as Tatars, formed the state of the Golden Horde, which pillaged principalities of Rus' and ruled its southern and central expanses for over two centuries. During the crisis, Yeltsin was backed by Western governments, and over 100 people were killed. This encoding was and still is widely used in UNIX-like operating systems. See also Russian language in Israel. [384] It also ranked tenth worldwide in the number of scientific publications in 2020, with roughly 1.3 million papers. WebRussia ( Russian: , Rossiya, [rsij] ), or the Russian Federation, [c] is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. [102] The Russian Civil War broke out between the anti-communist White movement and the new Soviet regime with its Red Army. [504][505], Russia is home to 30 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, 19 out of which are cultural; while 27 more sites lie on the tentative list. [402] Many famous Russian scientists and inventors were migrs. [106], The Allied powers launched an unsuccessful military intervention in support of anti-communist forces. [154] In 1979, after a communist-led revolution in Afghanistan, Soviet forces invaded the country, ultimately starting the SovietAfghan War. Ultimately, Ukraine was split along the Dnieper, leaving the eastern part, (Left-bank Ukraine and Kiev) under Russian rule. The sounds /t, d, ts, s, z, n, r/ are dental, that is, pronounced with the tip of the tongue against the teeth rather than against the alveolar ridge. [citation needed], During the Proto-Slavic (Common Slavic) times all Slavs spoke one mutually intelligible language or group of dialects. Russian fauna is composed of 320 species of mammals, over 732 species of birds, 75 species of reptiles, about 30 species of amphibians, 343 species of freshwater fish (high endemism), approximately 1,500 species of saltwater fishes, 9 species of cyclostomata, and approximately 100150,000 invertebrates (high endemism). [449] Russian is one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station,[450] as well as one of the six official languages of the United Nations. [311] Russia has a long history of corruption, which is seen as a significant problem. [84][85] Consonants include a fricative //, a semivowel /wu/ and /xxvxw/, whereas the Standard and Northern dialects have the consonants //, /v/, and final /l/ and /f/, respectively. (Ty syl pechenye? [139]:27 During the war, Soviet civilian and military death were about 2627 million,[140] accounting for about half of all World WarII casualties. [583] Some writers dared to oppose Soviet ideology, such as Nobel Prize-winning novelist Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, who wrote about life in the Gulag camps. This era had poets such as Alexander Blok, Anna Akhmatova, Boris Pasternak, Konstantin Balmont,[579] Marina Tsvetaeva, Vladimir Mayakovsky, and Osip Mandelshtam. Russia is among the world's most educated countries, and has the sixth-highest proportion of tertiary-level graduates in terms of percentage of population, at 62.1%. Riasanovsky, Nicholas V., and Mark D. Steinberg. [484] Its healthcare expenditure is notably lower than other developed nations. [91] Nicholas's successor AlexanderII (18551881) enacted significant changes throughout the country, including the emancipation reform of 1861. Its population of about 141.7 million includes well over 100 ethnic groups, though the majority are ethnic Russians. Since the turn of the century, Russia's political system has been dominated by Vladimir Putin, under whom the country has experienced democratic backsliding and a shift towards authoritarianism. ", "Russian crackdown brings pro-Navalny protests to halt", "The Victims of Putin's Crackdown On The Press", "Why Do Russian Journalists Keep Falling? [27] It is the most spoken Slavic language,[28] and the most spoken native language in Europe,[29] as well as the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia. [620][621] Eisenstein was a student of Lev Kuleshov, who developed the groundbreaking Soviet montage theory of film editing at the world's first film school, the All-Union Institute of Cinematography. The Russian invaders are preparing to defend the city of Enerhodar, Zaporizhzhia Oblast, by setting up barracks and ammunition storage points in the basements of residential buildings. The name Russia is derived from Rus', a medieval state populated primarily by the East Slavs. [42] In late 8th century BCE, Ancient Greek traders brought classical civilization to the trade emporiums in Tanais and Phanagoria. [385] Since 1904, Nobel Prize were awarded to 26 Soviets and Russians in physics, chemistry, medicine, economy, literature and peace. [7] In 2009, it recorded annual population growth for the first time in fifteen years; and since the 2010s, Russia has seen increased population growth due to declining death rates, increased birth rates and increased immigration. It maintains diplomatic relations with 190 United Nations member states, four partially-recognised states, and three United Nations observer states; along with 144 embassies. [591] Alexander Zinoviev was a prominent philosopher in the second half of the 20th century. Russian is written using the Russian alphabet of the Cyrillic script; it distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those withoutthe so-called "soft" and "hard" sounds. [75] The Israeli press and websites regularly publish material in Russian and there are Russian newspapers, television stations, schools, and social media outlets based in the country. [368], Russia is committed to the Paris Agreement, after joining the pact formally in 2019. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 14,400,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 29 million active speakers. Stress marks are mandatory in lexical dictionaries and books for children or Russian learners. ", "Russia: Growing Internet Isolation, Control, Censorship", "Putin's aggressive autocracy reduces Russian soft power to ashes", "New Reports Highlight Russia's Deep-Seated Culture of Corruption", "Corruption in Russia: A Historical Perspective", "Corruption in Russian Health Care: The Determinants and Incidence of Bribery", "Corruption Pervades Russia's Health System", "Corruption at Universities is a Common Disease for Russia and Ukraine", "Russia Sees a Threat in Its Converts to Islam", "U.S. Report Says Russia Among 'Worst Violators' Of Religious Freedom", "Russian killings and kidnaps extend dirty war in Ingushetia", "Putin's Savage War Against Russia's 'New Muslims', "Russian Crackdown on Muslims Fuels Exodus to IS", "Abuse of Chechens and Ingush in Russian Prisons Creates Legions of Enemies", "Russia is depopulating parts of eastern Ukraine, forcibly removing thousands into remote parts of Russia", "International Reserves of the Russian Federation (End of period)", "List of importing markets for the product exported by Russian Federation in 2021", "List of supplying markets for the product imported by Russian Federation in 2021", "Frequently Asked Questions on Energy Security Analysis", "Will Russia ever leave fossil fuels behind? WebOn This Day. [231][234] Approximately 1,100 rare and endangered plant and animal species are included in the Russian Red Data Book. [92] These reforms spurred industrialisation, and modernised the Imperial Russian Army, which liberated much of the Balkans from Ottoman rule in the aftermath of the 18771878 Russo-Turkish War. In many places in eastern and southern Ukraine and throughout Belarus, these languages are spoken interchangeably, and in certain areas traditional bilingualism resulted in language mixtures such as Surzhyk in eastern Ukraine and Trasianka in Belarus. [citation needed], Prior to the Bolshevik Revolution, the spoken form of the Russian language was that of the nobility and the urban bourgeoise. [132] Subsequently, the Germans were dealt major defeats first at the Battle of Stalingrad in the winter of 19421943,[133] and then in the Battle of Kursk in the summer of 1943. Grigori Perelman was offered the first ever Clay Millennium Prize Problems Award for his final proof of the Poincar conjecture in 2002, as well as the Fields Medal in 2006. [47][105][106][107] In the countries of the former Soviet Union the Russian language was being replaced or used in conjunction with local languages. [61], In Moldova, Russian is considered to be the language of inter-ethnic communication under a Soviet-era law. Mike Myrianthis, a Greek oil industry veteran, believes that whoever bombed the Nord Stream 2 pipeline opened a can of worms. Orthographic, current language, several editions, Great Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language. As Russia's invasion of Ukraine enters its 11th month, US and Ukrainian officials tell CNN that Russia's artillery fire is down dramatically from its wartime high, in some places by as much as 75%. [192] Russia steeply escalated the war by launching a full-scale invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022. [520] Cosmonautics Day on 12 April, in tribute to the first human trip into space. Russian emergency services told the state-run news agency Interfax that the sergeant accidentally detonated a hand grenade which caused ammunition to blow up and started a fire. [52] On September 5, 2017, Ukraine's Parliament passed a new education law which bars primary education to all students in any language but Ukrainian. The French invasion of Russia at the height of Napoleon's power in 1812 reached Moscow, but eventually failed miserably as the obstinate resistance in combination with the bitterly cold Russian winter led to a disastrous defeat of invaders, in which the pan-European Grande Arme faced utter destruction. Blocks of specialized vocabulary were adopted from the languages of Western Europe. 2 mins. [403] Vladimir Zworykin was the inventor of the iconoscope and kinescope television systems. [501] Bandy is Russia's national sport, and it has historically been the highest-achieving country in the sport. [22] There are two words in Russian which are commonly translated into English as "Russians" one is "code: rus promoted to code: ru " (russkiyecode: rus promoted to code: ru ), which most often refers to ethnic Russians and the other is "code: rus promoted to code: ru " (rossiyanecode: rus promoted to code: ru ), which refers to citizens of Russia, regardless of ethnicity. Medieval State populated primarily by the East Slavs opened a can of worms Kyrgyzstan, Russian a! Trade emporiums in Tanais and Phanagoria 384 ] It also ranked tenth worldwide in the Civil! Left-Bank Ukraine and Kiev ) under Russian rule ] its healthcare expenditure is notably lower other! Were adopted from the languages of Western Europe after they were struck by missiles, several,... It also ranked tenth worldwide in the sport in tribute to the trade emporiums in Tanais and.... 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Opened a can of worms, after joining the pact formally in 2019 unsuccessful military intervention in support anti-communist!
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