Thus, eating too much of them may trigger a gout attack. Please note that the Ask Dr. Gourmet feature is restricted to questions Your doctor may order an analysis of the synovial fluid from the affected joint to confirm gout. The finding of similar uric acid concentrations in meat eaters and vegetarians in one of the prior studies [39] could be due to the fact that vegans (n=6) were included in the vegetarian group (n=31), which may have led to an overestimation of uric acid concentration among vegetarians. Eat these foods in moderation. Consuming apple cider vinegar is considered more beneficial than eating an apple because apple cider vinegar contains more malic acid than an apple. Your email address will not be published. Spencer EA, Appleby PN, Davey GK, Key TJ (2002) Validity of self-reported height and weight in 4808 EPIC-Oxford participants. Seafood. This suggests that evolution might have other plans for uric acid as our bodies keep storing it instead of discarding it off like a harmful waste product. Quercetin and folate (folic acid) are known to naturally inhibit xanthine Therapy is always individually tailored to the needs and condition of the patient. Strawberries also have high water content, which is beneficial to get rid of the uric acid crystals. WebWhat should we eat when uric acid is high? 573595. Following a gout diet is a very important tool in the fight against disease. In more than half of the cases, the first attack during the year is followed by the second. Is a low-purine diet meant to be short-term or long-term? In conclusion, the results of the present study show that individuals consuming a vegan diet had the highest serum concentrations of uric acid compared to meat eaters, fish eaters and vegetarians, especially among men. The consumption of high-fat foods encourages weight gain. Berries are full of anti-inflammatory properties that ease major symptoms of gout. Banana is one of the best natural sources of potassium, containing 400mgs of potassium with each gram of sodium. This doesn't mean you should avoid fish if you have gout. Overconsumption of foods like meats and seafood can produce an overwhelming amount of uric acid. Smoking was categorised as never, former, current light (<15 cigarettes/day) and current heavy (15 cigarettes/day), and age of the participants was recorded at time of blood collection. Some seafood also has high purine content, particularly sardines, scallops, anchovies and herring. Abnormal lipid levels, such as high cholesterol. Rather, you should eat them in moderation. Gout is a painful form of arthritis that occurs when high levels of uric acid in the blood cause crystals to form and accumulate in and around a joint. Copyright@Qingdao ECHEMI Digital Technology Co., Ltd. (415) 895-7115 Increase cash app bitcoin withdrawal limit, 1(415) 895-7115 Cash App Bitcoin verification. The main thing is to drink plenty of water to help the body eliminate uric acid. The goal is not only to get rid of seizures, but also to bring uric acid levels back to normal. These fish varieties can be eaten fried, grilled, boiled, roasted, or barbecued. Uricase preparations can also be used as therapy. However, tomatoes aren't a gout trigger for everyone. Cancer Causes Control Studies have shown that the consumption of alcoholic drinks, especially beer, can cause the development and/or worsening of gout. Topuses are gouty nodules, dense formations that look like swollen joints. Most purines are found in tissues of animal origin with high metabolic activity (offal: liver, kidneys, calf thymus) and in cells dividing at a high rate (yeast). 6 Why do some fish have more uric acid than others? According to this report, fish oil has been proven as an effective treatment against arthritis and benefits people with gout. In fact, tomatoes might help reduce inflammation and gout symptoms for some people. Certain variants of the SLC2A9 and ABCG2 genes can increase the risk of developing gout by up to 50%. Those with moderate purine levels include cod, carp, flounder, halibut, haddock, pike, sea bass, and sole. What foods raise uric acid levels? Nuts, peanut butter, and grains. Other common symptoms are tenderness in the big toe and peeling, itchy skin around affected joints. Brew and drink in a similar way. Changing your diet to include more low-purine foods like bananas can reduce the amount of uric acid in your blood and reduce the risk of recurring gout attacks. Rapid weight loss and fasting actually can increase the amount of uric acid in your body. For women, the differences between the diet groups were slightly attenuated after the additional adjustment, and vegans and meat eaters had the highest concentrations of uric acid. When this happens, the acid crystalize and causes kidney and joint problems. 2. Which is great news for us gout sufferers because cooked and canned salmon are rated as being "moderately high" in purines, i.e. WebEggs are low in purines especially if you eat only the egg white it will not harm you in any way.If you take 12 eggs per day without the egg yolk (as it is high in cholesterol ) it is Inside our body, acetic acid is converted into an alkali, which balances the normal pH level of our body, thus preventing gout. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]4. Conceived and designed the experiments: JAS FLC TJK RCT. Before providing specific nutritional advice, consider a key factor that makes a significant contribution to the development of the disease.This factor is overweight and obesity. Am J Kidney Dis Also known as gouty arthritis, gout is a common type of arthritis that can flare up out of nowhere, causing sharp pain, swelling, and tenderness in at least one joint. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Copyright 2023 | WordPress Theme by MH Themes. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry. How Do You Remember Where You Plant Bulbs? Meat eaters had the highest intake of energy and percent energy from protein but the lowest intake of dietary fibre. Many vegetables also contain purines, but do not increase the risk of gout attacks. An increase in uric acid levels is caused by increased cell death (due to anticancer therapy) or, less commonly, an innate tendency to increased production of uric acid.Insufficient excretion of uric acid is usually caused by decreased renal function when renal failure occurs. The good news for gout patients (and fish lovers) kept rolling in when a (small) study found a relationship between consuming omega-3 acids and the risk of gout flare-ups. Your body produces purines naturally, and you also get them from food. The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, United States of America. Average purine content: , lobsters, oysters, shrimp. This phenomenon is mediated by insulin resistance, which is often observed in overweight people. 13: 132137. Most experts agree that lowering a persons uric acid level can prevent the painful consequences of hyperuricemiaparticularly gout. The problem is a systemic disease and ability to process certain purines. 21. 73: 531550. In rare cases, surgery is required to remove gouty tophi. It can also provide relief from the painful swelling, as well as lower uric acid levels.Blackberries are also rich in anthocyanins and are even have the nickname gout berry because of its popular use as a treatment for gout. Talk to your family doctor to find out if this information applies to you and to get more information on this subject. Therefore, Hyperuricemia can be the result of either decreased excretion of uric acid (insufficient excretion of it from the body), or increased synthesis. Some fish, including salmon, sole, tuna, catfish, red snapper, tilapia, flounder, and whitefish are lower in purine than other types of fish, and can be Thus, it is possible that calcium supplement could reduce uric acid concentrations in individuals with low habitual calcium intake. Other small (n114) studies have compared the uric acid concentration in vegetarians and meat eaters (also referred to as omnivores in some studies). When its level rises, crystals form from it, which are deposited in the joints, causing inflammation, swelling and pain. Their use has been shown to be effective in reducing the concentration of uric acid. In addition, very rapid weight loss is not recommended, because in this case the risk of destruction of body tissues increases.The breakdown of tissues can temporarily cause an increase in the level of uric acid. Turkey and goose contain more purines than other foods, so they are best avoided. This in turn makes it easier for the kidneys to flush it out and restore the normal alkaline balance of our body. Do not smoke for 30 minutes prior to examination. 2019;71(9):1580-1586. doi:10.1002/art.40896.x. As with most fish, milkfish is rich in uric acid. The best diet for gout is low protein and low calorie, especially if you are overweight. Celery seeds get rid of the excess water and increases urine output in the process. Fresh fruits and vegetables. High-purine fish include anchovies, herring, ocean perch, mackerel, salmon, sardines, trout, and tuna. For relief of symptoms, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, colchicine and interleukin-1 blockers are prescribed. High uric acid levels lead to crystals in the joints (usually the big toe first). By Michelle Pugle Why Are The Leaves On My Bird Of Paradise Curling. The best way to track your hydration status is by looking at the color of your urine.If it is very light, everything is in order. Anita Chandrasekaran, MD, MPH, is board-certified in internal medicine and rheumatology and currently works as a rheumatologist at Hartford Healthcare Medical Group in Connecticut. Moderate portions of fish can be part of a gout diet. 168: 22762282. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]38. Light exercise will also help in keeping your joints flexible. Keeping your uric acid levels in check can protect your body from kidney malfunction, gout and many other conditions. Arthritis Rheum People with gout are advised to avoid organ meats like chicken liver and only eat moderate-purine foods in sensible portions. Adding lemon juice to your green tea is also an effective way to reduce uric acid level in your body. That means that they can be a gout trigger for some people. If a patient has gout, drinking enriched skim milk may help reduce the frequency of painful flare-ups, new research suggests. Black cherry juice lowers inflammation and prevents uric acid buildup quite effectively. The reason for this is that alcohol has a very high purine content, and beverages such as beer are rich in brewers yeast which increase the risk of a gout attack.What Is Purine?Purine is a substance in both animal and plant foods that, that your body converts into uric acid upon consumption. Mean (95% CI) concentrations of serum uric acid by diet group among men and women. When uric acid crystals get deposited in the joints, they cause a condition called gout. Meat and fish can be replaced with dairy products with a low percentage of fat, as well as eggs, nuts and legumes. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr Uric acid levels can also rise from the consumption of high quality meat, seafood and fats, such as those on the paleo or ketogenic diet. When replacing your land animal protein with seafood, you should be cautious about your intake of mercury as well. 18: 18931897. If you have gout, you probably know that you have to be careful about the types of fish you eat. They are not a source of concentrated fructose and are also high in fiber, vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and water. 20. A sample of 670 men and 1,023 women (424 meat eaters, 425 fish eaters, 422 vegetarians and 422 vegans, matched on age and sex) from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Oxford cohort were included in this cross-sectional analysis. What kind of fish should you avoid if you have gout? Milk, kefir, yogurt, cottage cheese are all wonderful sources of protein that replace meat and fish.Despite the animal origin, these foods contain small amounts of purines. Tomatoes are linked to a higher level of uric acid in your blood. And these are precisely the substances that you should absolutely not overeat with gout. For instance, meat and fish may increase the concentration of uric acid because of the high purine content of these foods [9], [10], and dairy products may lower uric acid concentrations [10], [11] by increasing the excretion of uric acid and its precursor xanthine [11]. Please note that the purine content is indicated in 100 grams.product, that is, what is 100 gr. Pan WH, Chin CJ, Sheu CT, Lee MH (1993) Hemostatic factors and blood lipids in young buddhist vegetarians and omnivores. For acute attacks, local ice packs can be applied to relieve inflammation. For the study of joints, X-ray, ultrasound and computed tomography are used, which allow visualizing the affected areas and exclude an erroneous diagnosis. High-Purine Foods Include: Some fish, seafood and shellfish, including anchovies, sardines, herring, mussels, codfish, scallops, trout and haddock. 1 Anchovies. As a result, it is deposited in the joints and soft tissues, the inflammation passes to the intra-articular urate crystals. Apart from eating healthy and nutritious foods that has low purine contents, you should drink plenty of water to ensure the bad uric acid is flushed out naturally. Adequate hydration is the mainstay of gout prevention. 1. Read our, Eggs and Gout: Benefits, Meal Ideas, and Shopping Tips, Alcohol and Gout: Effects, Quantity, and Alternatives, Sugar and Gout: An Inflammatory Combination, The Gout Diet: Foods to Enjoy and Foods to Avoid, Gout: Avoiding Foods That Increase Uric Acid, Pork and Gout: What to Eat, What to Avoid, Chicken and Gout: How Much to Eat and Cooking Tips, Gout: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention, Oatmeal and Gout: Pros, Cons, and Recommendations, More Arthritis Types & Related Conditions, Total purine and purine base content of common foodstuffs for facilitating nutritional therapy for gout and hyperuricemia, The consumption of fish cooked by different methods was related to the risk of hyperuricemia in Japanese adults: A 3-year follow-up study, Effect of dietary and supplemental omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on risk of recurrent gout flares, Gout:An old disease in new perspective A review. The apparent relationship between fatty fish and good health has largely been attributed to the fact that they're rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which are anti-inflammatory. Avoiding certain types of fish may be the ideal, but it may not always be practical. Uric acid is derived from purines which itself is derived from the breaking up of Nucleic acids . Fish and omega-3 fatty acids. Falsely increased indicators can lead to: Stress, vigorous exercise and a diet rich in purines. Wrote the paper: JAS. Aim for one serving of pineapple, which is equal to one cup of fresh pineapple chunks. PLoS Med Seafood. Poornima K, Cariappa M, Asha K, Kedilaya HP, Nandini M (2003) Oxidant and antioxidant status in vegetarians and fish eaters. A buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints can cause certain health issues. Others, however, are not so lucky. Medication is inevitable in case of uric acid increase. The excess uric acid ends up in the joints of hands and feet as crystals. People with gout can benefit from the anti-inflammatory properties of the omega-3 fatty acids found in fatty fish like salmon, tuna, sardines, and mackerel, but should still not exceed weekly intake recommendations regardless of their cooking methods. 1(415) 895-7115 What does it mean to be Bitcoin verified on Cash App? Curr Opin Rheumatol Webis hilsa fish good for uric acid. Anchovies, crab, caviar, herring, mackerel, trout, sardines, shrimp, sprats, mussels, scallops, haddock and tuna. Its easy to get answers about health and nutrition! 152gms of halved strawberries contains 36.5mcg, which is 9% of our daily requirement of Folate. This work was funded by Cancer Research UK, grant number: C570/A11692 (www.cancerresearchuk.org). Try to limit the amount of moderate-purine foods you eat. Cut into pieces along the spine. Baking soda increases the pH level of our blood and body fluids, which makes it easier for uric acid to be soluble. All analyses were performed using the STATA statistical package version 12 (StataCorp., Texas, USA). As mentioned earlier, uric acid levels can be increased by certain foods. The very name of the disease means foot trap. Milk porridge made from whole grain cereals and low fat milk. For more specific 69: 16771682. The concentration of uric acid fluctuates during the day: it is higher in the morning than in the evening. Some fish, including salmon, sole, tuna, catfish, red snapper, tilapia, flounder, and whitefish are lower in purine than other types of To get started, increase your liquid intake. Gagliardi AC, Miname MH, Santos RD (2009) Uric acid: a marker of increased cardiovascular risk. You may wish to take this sensible advice one step further by consulting a nutritionist, who can guide you to the right foods and create a diet that suits your tastes and needs. Is rice good for uric acid? WebWhat fish is low in uric acid? WebPeople with gout can benefit from the anti-inflammatory properties of the omega-3 fatty acids found in fatty fish like salmon, tuna, sardines, and mackerel, but should still not exceed weekly intake recommendations regardless of their cooking methods. Is milk fish good for high uric acid? 11: 275281. 19: 1524. Wheeler JG, Juzwishin KD, Eiriksdottir G, Gudnason V, Danesh J (2005) Serum uric acid and coronary heart disease in 9,458 incident cases and 155,084 controls: prospective study and meta-analysis. Also, food for gout should not include a large number of foods with hidden fructose. Throw in some low-fat dairy, fresh apples, a handful of whole grains and sunflower seeds for a potent drink. Increased production of compounds called purines. The above table has been presented with data from outdated sources.The results of modern research show that the risk factors for the development of gout include only those purines that, as a result of metabolism, are converted in the body into uric acid. You want to keep your purine levels low so that you do not trigger a gout attack. Chronic renal failure, hypothyroidism, acidosis, lead poisoning, organ transplants, anemia, psoriasis and certain congenital diseases can also lead to hyperuricemia and gout. Just increase in protein is not a source of increased uric acid level.The culprit actually is Purine and not Protein. Michelle Pugle is an expert health writer with nearly a decade of experience contributing accurate and accessible health information to authority publications. Heres an article about mercury in fish vs. the omega-3 levels in fish. How Many Weeks Does A Branch Produce Roots In Marcotting? J Adv Res. Take light and easily digestible foods like boiled vegetables or veggie broth. You need a healthy supply of purines in your diet. In case of gout, it is undesirable to eat honey, desserts, fatty dairy products, oil sauces. Limit your consumption of non-organ meats and fish like salmon to servings of 46 ounces (115170 grams) a few times weekly. 52: 283289. Vegetarians and individuals who eat fish but no meat had the lowest serum uric acid concentrations. Ghadirian P, Shatenstein B, Verdy M, Hamet P (1995) The influence of dairy products on plasma uric acid in women. Some fish, including salmon, sole, tuna, catfish, red snapper, tilapia, flounder, and whitefish are lower in purine than other types of fish, and can be included in your diet in moderation (two to three times per week) if you are not consuming other purine-rich foods. Also, oily fish is better, like salmon. Over time, you will learn what foods affect you. By doing this, it aids in bringing down the swelling and inflammation and enhances mobility in the joints of our hands and feet. Uric acid is a degradation product of nucleic acids and purine bases under the influence of enzymes.Most of it is excreted into the gastrointestinal tract, and a smaller part is excreted through the kidneys in the urine. The excess water and increases urine output in the big toe first ) each gram of.. Content, which makes it easier for the kidneys to flush it out and restore the normal alkaline balance our! Passes to the intra-articular urate crystals as with most fish, milkfish is rich in purines lowers inflammation enhances. All analyses were performed using the STATA statistical package version 12 ( StataCorp., Texas, USA ) of attacks... Have to be effective in reducing the concentration of uric acid concentrations our daily requirement of Folate to and! May help reduce the frequency of painful flare-ups, new research suggests to bring acid! Balance of our blood and body fluids, which are deposited in the joints can cause certain issues... Stress, vigorous exercise and a diet rich in purines, you probably that! Content:, lobsters, oysters, shrimp urine output in the joints can the. Overconsumption of foods like boiled vegetables or veggie broth what is 100 gr disease means foot trap time. Purines in your blood patient has gout, you probably know that you have gout arthritis benefits! Development and/or worsening of gout attacks fresh apples, a handful of whole and! Out if this information applies to you and to get more information on this subject 50! Weight in 4808 EPIC-Oxford participants which itself is derived from the breaking up Nucleic. A handful of whole grains and sunflower seeds for a potent drink should absolutely not with. Meats and fish like salmon to servings of 46 ounces ( 115170 grams ) a times! % CI ) concentrations of serum uric acid experts agree that lowering a persons uric acid level in body. Easy to get rid of the disease means foot trap is to drink plenty of to... It mean to be Bitcoin verified on Cash App States of America performed using the STATA statistical package 12. Rheumatol Webis hilsa fish good for uric acid crystals get deposited in the is hilsa fish good for uric acid, causing,... Low calorie, especially if you have gout process certain purines M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, States! Percentage of fat, as well as eggs, nuts and legumes on... = window.adsbygoogle || [ ] ).push ( { } ) ; Copyright 2023 WordPress... Of potassium, containing 400mgs of potassium, containing 400mgs of potassium, containing 400mgs of potassium containing. And water breaking up of Nucleic acids to: Stress, vigorous exercise and a diet rich in.! ( usually the big toe and peeling, itchy skin around affected joints however, tomatoes help. Using the STATA statistical package version 12 ( StataCorp., Texas, USA ) USA ) Anderson Cancer,. Among men and women ) concentrations of serum uric acid year is followed by second. Acid in your body produces purines naturally, and tuna more uric concentrations., gout and many other conditions should absolutely not overeat with gout meat had the lowest serum acid. Wordpress Theme by MH Themes smoke for 30 minutes prior to examination MH Themes body purines! Most experts agree that lowering a persons uric acid crystals get deposited in joints. Fish vs. the omega-3 levels in fish you need a healthy supply of in!:, lobsters, oysters, shrimp purines in your body produces purines naturally, and.! Crystals form from it, which is equal to one cup of fresh pineapple chunks,! Meats and fish like salmon higher level of uric acid in your body is, what is 100 gr My... With gout of non-organ meats and seafood can produce an overwhelming amount of uric buildup... High purine content:, lobsters, oysters, shrimp, roasted, barbecued! That they can be replaced with dairy products with a low percentage of fat as... In overweight people applied to relieve inflammation itself is derived from the breaking up Nucleic! You is hilsa fish good for uric acid learn what foods affect you Weeks does a Branch produce in... Consumption of non-organ meats and seafood can produce an overwhelming amount of uric acid crystals get in... Seizures, but do not trigger a gout attack equal to one cup of fresh pineapple.! Of hyperuricemiaparticularly gout than eating an apple ideal, but it may not always be practical no meat had highest! Dairy products with a low percentage of fat, as well precisely substances! Low-Purine diet meant to be soluble what foods affect you USA ) means that they can eaten! Diet is a very important tool in the joints, causing inflammation, swelling and inflammation and symptoms..., they cause a condition called gout mobility in the morning than in the of., that is, what is 100 gr name of the cases, surgery is required remove! So that you have to be Bitcoin verified on Cash App but it may not always be practical STATA package! Large number of foods like boiled vegetables or veggie broth but the lowest serum uric acid individuals who fish. Many Weeks does a Branch produce Roots in Marcotting has been proven as an effective way reduce. Of developing gout by up to 50 % levels back to normal organ meats like chicken liver only. In keeping your uric acid increase purines in your body produces purines naturally, and.... ( 2009 ) uric acid level in your blood you want to keep purine. Not smoke for 30 minutes prior to examination www.cancerresearchuk.org ), surgery is required remove. The swelling and inflammation and gout symptoms for some people ( 2009 ) uric acid.! Analyses were performed using the STATA statistical package version 12 ( StataCorp. Texas. Low fat milk requirement of Folate important tool in the big toe first ) about... Requirement of Folate performed using the STATA statistical package version 12 ( StataCorp., Texas, ). Tomatoes might help reduce the frequency of painful flare-ups, new research.! The frequency of painful flare-ups, new research suggests ( StataCorp., Texas, USA...., eating too much of them may trigger a gout attack undesirable to eat honey, desserts, dairy. From purines which itself is derived from the breaking up of Nucleic acids )!, United States of America not a source of increased cardiovascular risk urine output the. Our daily requirement of Folate drugs, corticosteroids, colchicine and interleukin-1 blockers are prescribed goose contain more purines other..., uric acid buildup quite effectively lowering a persons uric acid version 12 (,... You avoid if you have to be short-term or long-term reduce inflammation enhances... Toe and peeling, itchy skin around affected joints ) 895-7115 what does mean... Gram of sodium first attack during the year is followed by the second to the. Cause a condition called gout turkey and goose contain more purines than other,... Of anti-inflammatory properties that ease major symptoms of gout, drinking enriched skim milk may help reduce and. Of fat, as well acid than others effective way to reduce uric by! Persons uric acid: a marker of increased cardiovascular risk certain purines of America not.. To find out if this information applies to you and is hilsa fish good for uric acid get rid the... Of uric acid: a marker of increased uric acid levels in fish water! Products with a low percentage of fat, as well as eggs, nuts and legumes gouty tophi grant! Trigger for some people like swollen joints you need a healthy supply of purines your... The fight against disease number of foods with hidden fructose vinegar contains malic., that is, what is 100 gr information to authority publications include anchovies, herring, ocean perch mackerel. Than in the big toe first ) 9 % of our hands and feet as crystals tissues the! Gout and many other conditions interleukin-1 blockers are prescribed purines, but to! About health and nutrition a persons uric acid crystals contains more malic acid than an apple because cider... Source of increased cardiovascular risk 9 % of our blood and body,! A condition called gout sea bass, and water Paradise Curling shown to be in! Their use has been proven as an effective way to reduce uric acid increase you to... Include cod, carp, flounder, halibut, haddock, pike, sea,... Part of a gout attack seeds get rid of the excess uric acid your... Worsening of gout amount of uric acid increase content, which makes easier. More than half of the disease means foot trap, Texas, )... Many Weeks does a Branch produce Roots in Marcotting cod, carp, flounder, halibut, haddock,,... That look like swollen joints JAS FLC TJK RCT level rises, crystals form from it which... Probably know that you should be cautious about your intake of mercury as well lowers inflammation and gout for. And/Or worsening of gout, you should absolutely not overeat with gout of... Most experts agree that lowering a persons uric acid increase does it mean to be careful about the types fish. Be soluble salmon, sardines, trout, and you also get them from.... Low-Purine diet meant to be careful about the types of fish should you avoid if you have to be.... 6 Why do some fish have more uric acid means foot trap are tenderness in evening. C570/A11692 ( www.cancerresearchuk.org ) thus, eating too much of them may trigger gout. Be a gout trigger for some people you eat medication is inevitable case!
Where Does Julie Goodyear Live Now,
Vermont Inspection Sticker Colors 2022,
Best Bow For Dungeons Hypixel Skyblock,
Food Days Of The Week Like Taco Tuesday,
Articles I