russian empire coat of arms

If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. The Land of the Future - 1914 (page 1 crop).jpg, Constantine Palace (2008-08-29), exterior, IMG07.jpg, Costume of the coronation herald (1797?, Kremlin) by shakko 01.jpg, Punch, Vol. in. This system was disliked by the bureaucracy, due to its putting the administration of justice outside of the executive sphere. [170] For the rest of the century, the national government continued to focus on universities, and generally ignored elementary and secondary educational needs. The three crowns are linked by a ribbon. [49] The semi-autonomous polity of Congress Poland subsequently lost its distinctive political and judicial rights, with Russification being imposed on its schools and courts. As a result of its spending, Russia developed a large and well-equipped army, a very large and complex bureaucracy, and a court that rivaled those of Paris and London. The overall anti-Jewish policy of the Russian Empire led to significant sustained emigration. It combined their previously separate coats of arms : Coat of arms of Poland, the White Eagle Coat of arms of the Russian Empire, the double-headed eagle The executive was in the hands of an elected mayor and an uprava, which consisted of several members elected by the municipal duma. "Rehabilitating Tsarism: The Imperial Russian State and Its Historians. [143][19] Various minor sects such as Spiritual Christians and Molokan were banished in internal exile to Transcaucasia and Central Asia, with some further emigrating to the Americas. Peter I (16721725)also referred to as Peter the Greatplayed a major role in introducing the European state system into the Russian Empire. If we find the surname of your ancestors in the index but it turns out that their coat of arms was included in parts 11-14, we will be able to look for this coat of arms in Fond 1411 (The Section of Coat of Arms of the Heraldry Department of the Ruling Senate) of the Russian State Historic Archives. [171] The majority of tertiary institutions in the empire used Russian, while some used other languages but later underwent Russification.[172]. This area (Bessarabia) was among the Russian Empire's last territorial acquisitions in Europe. After he became the emperor, Napoleon defeated Russia at Austerlitz in 1805, Eylau and Friedland in 1807. His ministers were responsible solely to him, and not to the Duma or any other authority, which could question but not remove them. Often they had to compete with other cities. An important feature of Russia is its few free outlets to the open sea, outside the ice-bound shores of the Arctic Ocean. The rise of the Russian Empire coincided with the decline of neighbouring rival powers: the Swedish Empire, the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, Qajar Iran, the Ottoman Empire, and Qing China. The emperor eventually ended up ruling Finland as a semi-constitutional monarch through the Governor-General of Finland and a native Senate appointed by him. At the same time, the full set of coat of arms of Great, Medium and Minor Arms, was laid down and approved. Alongside the local organs of the central government in Russia there are three classes of local elected bodies charged with administrative functions: Since 1870, the municipalities in European Russia had institutions like those of the zemstvos. The use of the double-headed eagle as a Russian coat of arms goes back to the 15th century. 22 October]1721, the Senate and Synod presented the Tsar with the titles of the Pater Patriae (Russian: , tr. [50] However, Russification policies in Poland, Finland and among the Germans in the Baltics largely failed and only strengthened political opposition.[49]. Above the canopy stands the state khorugv, of gold cloth, on which is depicted the Medium State Seal. The coat of arms of Russia derives from the earlier coat of arms of the Russian Empire which was abolished with the Russian Revolution in 1917. - download this royalty free Stock Illustration in seconds. Alexander I (18011825) played a major role in defeating the militaristic ambitions of Napoleon and subsequently constituting the Holy Alliance, which aimed to restrain the rise of secularism and liberalism across Europe. The present list contains the list of surnames of those individuals or families whose coats of arms were officially confirmed in the Russian Empire up to year 1917 and included in the remained parts XI-XXI of the General Armorial. The Russian Empire's state religion was Orthodox Christianity. DescriptionRussian Empire-Full coat of arms.2.png English: Armorial bearings of Russian Empire according to the "Manifesto On Full Blazon of All-Russian Empire", presented to Emperor on October 13, 1800. The whole lies within a golden ermine mantle, crowned by the Imperial Crown of Russia and decorated with black double-headed eagles. Although it is technically an emblem rather than a coat of arms, since it does not follow traditional heraldic rules, in Russian it is called (gerb), the word used for a traditional coat of arms. During Peter's reign, the nobility was still required to serve, and serf labour played a significant role in the growth of the industry; therefore, Peter's objectives required the preservation of antiquated traditions. [77] In 1910, relations between Saint Petersburg and Vienna were tense during the Balkan War.[78]. [citation needed]. Many reforms were promised, but few were actually carried out before 1820 when the emperor turned his attention to foreign affairs and personal religion and ignored reform issues. During the early 19th century, the eagle designs diversified, and two different variants were adopted by Emperor Nicholas I. In the 18th century, Catherine II issued an edict of toleration that gave legal status to Islam and allowed Muslims to fulfill religious obligations. [124] The Emperor was not allowed to "profess any faith other than the Orthodox" (Article 62 of the 1906 Fundamental Laws) and was deemed "the Supreme Defender and Guardian of the dogmas of the predominant Faith and is the Keeper of the purity of the Faith and all good order within the Holy Church" (Article 64 ex supra). [161], After Emancipation reform, one-quarter of peasants received allotments of only 1.2 hectares (2.9 acres) per male, and one-half received less than 3.4 to 4.6 hectares (8.5 to 11.4 acres); the normal size of the allotment necessary for the subsistence of a family under the three-fields system is estimated at 11 to 17 hectares (28 to 42 acres). By envisioning their own role in a rail network they came to understand how important they were to the empire's economy. In this it differed from contemporary colonial-style empires. The Russian Empire had a coat of arms, displayed in either its greater, middle and lesser version. [75], The relations between Russia and the Triple Alliance, especially Germany and Austria, were like those of the League of the Three Emperors. [168], The Ministry of Education was established in 1802, and the country was divided into six educational regions. However, the Russian forces fell further behind the technology, training, and organization of the German, French, and particularly the British militaries. At the Congress of Berlin in July 1878, Russia agreed to the creation of a smaller Bulgaria, as an autonomous principality inside the Ottoman Empire. The present list contains 2086 surnames of those individuals or families whose coats of arms were officially confirmed in the Russian Empire for the period since 1797 to 1888. Alexander II decided to abolish serfdom from above, with ample provision for the landowners, rather than wait for it to be abolished from below by revolution. Instead of imposing the traditional punishment of drawing and quartering, Catherine issued secret instructions that the executioners should execute death sentences quickly and with minimal suffering, as part of her effort to introduce compassion into the law. In 1815, Dr. Schffer, a Russian entrepreneur, went to Kauai and negotiated a treaty of protection with the island's governor Kaumualii, vassal of King Kamehameha I of Hawaii, but the Russian emperor refused to ratify the treaty. Copyright 1998-2017 Blitz, all rights reserved. Several of Peter I's associates are well-known, including Franois Le Fort, Boris Sheremetev, Alexander Menshikov, Jacob Bruce, Mikhail Golitsyn, Anikita Repnin, and Alexey Kelin. For these allotments the peasants had to pay a fixed rent, which could be fulfilled by personal labour. Exhausted Russian troops began to withdraw from Russian-held Poland, allowing the Germans who captured many cities, including the Kingdom's capital Warsaw on 5 August 1915. But the offensive was halted by inadequate ammunition and a lack of supplies. 3rd Army (Russian Empire) Adjutant general; Aleksey Tillo; Alexander III of Russia; Alexander Nevsky; Alexander Ypsilantis; Alexis of Russia; Anna of Russia; Ararat (brandy) Armorial of Russia; Black Hundreds; Boris Godunov; Breguet (brand) Catherine I of Russia; Catherine the Great; Caucasian Native Cavalry Division; Caucasus Army (Russian Empire, 1914-1917) Caucasus Front (Russian Republic) The late 1820s were successful years militarily. While the emperor retained many of his old prerogatives, including an absolute veto over all legislation, he equally agreed to the establishment of an elected parliament, without whose consent no laws were to be enacted in Russia. [128][131] Emperor Alexander II ceased this harsh treatment and pursued a more bureaucratic type of assimilation,[129] such as compensating the Cantonists for their previous military service, including those who remained Jewish,[128] although certain military ranks were still limited to Christians. Her reign, which lasted nearly 20 years, is also known for Russia's involvement in the Seven Years' War, where it was successful militarily, but gained little politically. During the latter years of Alexander II and the reign of Alexander III, power that had been given was gradually taken back, and that take back was fully reversed by the third Duma after the 1905 Revolution.[j]. [15] By 1795, after the Partitions of Poland, Russia became the most populous state in Europe, ahead of France. The six upper escutcheons are joint depictions of various smaller principalities and oblasts. Russia's relations with Germany were deteriorating,[76] and tensions over the Eastern question had reached a breaking point with Austria. In 1801, 4 years after Paul became ruler of Russia, he was killed in the Winter Palace in a coup. Peter I (16821725) fought numerous wars and expanded an already vast empire into a major power of Europe. The coat of arms of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) was adopted on 10 July 1918 by the government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Soviet Union), and modified several times afterwards. [82] The Russians were imbued with patriotic earnestness and Germanophobia sentiment, including the name of the capital, Saint Petersburg, which sounded too German for the sake of words Sankt- and -burg; and was thus renamed to Petrograd for more Russianised. Catherine's expansionist policy caused Russia to develop into a major European power,[34] as did the Enlightenment era and the Golden age in Russia. The final version of the emblem was adopted in 1956 with the removal of the Finnish inscription from the insignia, reflecting the 1956 transformation of the Karelo-Finnish SSR into the Karelian ASSR. [88] By October, the German Ninth Army was near Warsaw, and the newly-formed Tenth Army had retreated from the frontier in East Prussia. See also Orthodox Church in Hawaii and Russian Fort Elizabeth. The Soviet Union as a whole adopted its emblem in 1923, which remained in use until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. [135], Despite the predominance of Orthodoxy, several Christian denominations were professed. From 1891 to 1892, peasants were faced with new policies carried out by Ivan Vyshnegradsky, causing the famine and disease that took the lives of four hundred thousand people,[119][120] especially in the Volga region, eliciting the greatest decline in grain production. It became the first State flag of Russia in 1865. [28] Peter the Great temporarily annexed several areas of Iran to Russia, which after the death of Peter were returned in the 1732 Treaty of Resht and 1735 Treaty of Ganja as a deal to oppose the Ottomans.[29]. Russia's nationalist diplomats and generals persuaded Alexander II to force the Ottomans to sign the Treaty of San Stefano in March 1878, creating an enlarged, independent Bulgaria that stretched into the southwestern Balkans. [156][157], Household servants or dependents attached to personal service were merely set free, while the landed peasants received their houses and orchards, and allotments of arable land. [39] As Napoleon's forces retreated, Russian troops pursued them into Central and Western Europe and to the gates of Paris. The Trans-Caspian Railway began at Krasnovodsk on the Caspian Sea and reached Bukhara, Samarkand, and Tashkent. She fell under the spell of a monk, Grigori Rasputin (18691916). The state peasants were better off; but they, too, were emigrating in masses. "Writing the History of the Russian Revolution after the Fall of Communism. The eagle holds a sceptre in its right claw and an orb in its left claw. Emperor Frederick II in 1229 granted them the right to use the black Eagle of the Holy Roman Empire. Newly discovered Arctic islands became part of the Russian Empire: the New Siberian Islands from the early 18th century; Severnaya Zemlya ("Emperor Nicholas II Land") first mapped and claimed as late as 1913. Franklin, Simon, and Bowers, Katherine (eds). The present list contains the list of surnames of those individuals or families whose coats of arms were officially confirmed in the Russian Empire up to year 1917 and included in the remained parts XI-XXI of the General Armorial. [100] The Russians, led by Baltic German General Georgy Bergmann, opened the front by crossing the frontier but failed to capture Kyopryukyoy. [93] Russia lost the entire territory of Poland and Lithuania,[94] part of the Baltic states and Grodno, and partly of Volhynia and Podolia in Ukraine; the front with Germany was stable until 1917. Poland was partitioned by its three neighbours in the 17721815 era, with much of its land and population being taken under Russian rule. The ministries were as follows: The Most Holy Synod (established in 1721) was the supreme organ of government of the Orthodox Church in Russia. Covering an area of approximately 22,800,000 square kilometres (8,800,000sqmi), it remains the third-largest empire in history, surpassed only by the British Empire and the Mongol Empire; it ruled over a population of 125.6million people per the 1897 Russian census, which was the only census carried out during the entire imperial period. [12] Alexander II (18551881) initiated numerous reforms, most notably the 1861 emancipation of all 23 million serfs. an individual person, family . [68] The Socialist Revolutionaries also differed from the Social Democrats in that the SRs believed a revolution must rely on urban workers, not the peasantry. [25] The city of Saint Petersburg, which was built in 1703 on territory along the Baltic coast that had been conquered during the Great Northern War, served as the state's capital. Russia's status as a great power concealed the inefficiency of its government, the isolation of its people, and its economic and social backwardness. [128] However, some historians evaluate Tsar Nicholas II as having given tacit approval to the antisemitic pogroms that resulted from reactionary riots. Revolutionaries believed that the newly freed serfs were merely being sold into wage slavery in the onset of the industrial revolution, and that the urban bourgeoisie had effectively replaced the landowners. As of 1914, Russia was divided into 81 governorates (guberniyas), 20 oblasts, and 1 okrug. Finally, in the Baltic provinces nearly all the land belonged to the German landlords, who either farmed the land themselves, with hired laborers, or let it in small farms. Of the elected members, 3 were returned by the "black" clergy (the monks), 3 by the "white" clergy (secular), 18 by the corporations of nobles, 6 by the academy of sciences and the universities, 6 by the chambers of commerce, 6 by the industrial councils, 34 by local governmental zemstvos, 16 by local governments having no zemstvos, and 6 by Poland. T-shirts, posters, stickers, home decor, and more, designed and sold by independent artists around the world. The coat of arms of Russia derives from the earlier coat of arms of the Russian Empire which was abolished with the Russian Revolution in 1917. Previously, Saint Petersburg and Paris, along with London, were calumniators in the Crimean War. Clothing. This is a list of surnames which once held Coats of Arms in the Russian Empire. ", Richard Cavendish, "The Bolshevik-Menshevik split November 16th, 1903.". As late as 1851, only 8% of Russians lived in cities. A Critical Analysis of the Great Crimean Tatar Emigration of 1860-1861", "The Tsar's Foreign Faiths: Toleration and the Fate of Religious Freedom in Imperial Russia by Paul W. Werth", "How the Jesuits Survived Their Suppression: The Society of Jesus in the Russian Empire (17731814), written by Mark Inglot, S.J. $2.50 + $1.75 shipping . In the governments of the Black Earth Area the state of matters was hardly better. The Abbreviated Imperial Title is inscribed over the perimeter of the Seal. The allotments could be redeemed by peasants with the help of the Crown, and then they were freed from all obligations to the landlord. To the north was the Arctic Ocean. This is a list of the Coats of armsof the Russian Federationand its federal subjects. [101], By the middle of 1915, the impact of the war was demoralizing. On the chest of the eagle there was an escutcheon with the arms of Moscow, depicting Saint George, mounted and defeating the dragon. By 1825, the national government operated six universities, forty-eight secondary state schools, and 337 improved primary schools. The Nobles' Land Bank, in 1885, made loans at nominal interest rates to the landed nobility. XXVI (IA dli.granth.78043).pdf, Punch, Vol. [41], The liberal Alexander I was replaced by his younger brother Nicholas I (18251855), who at the beginning of his reign was confronted with an uprising. They favored far-reaching reforms, and hoped the landlord class would fade away, while agreeing they should be paid for their land. The maneuvering largely ended with the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907. The emperor eventually decided to take personal command of the army and moved to the front, leaving his wife, the Empress Alexandra, in charge in the capital. ", Suny, Ronald Grigor. The roots of this symbol are what we tackle upon . [95] While the fortress of Premissel was besieged, the first attempt to capture the fortress failed, but the second attempt seized the redoubt in March 1915. "Tsarist Russia at War: The View from Above, 1914 February 1917. The heraldic device of Russia has gone through three major periods in its history, undergoing major changes in the transitions between the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union, and the Russian Federation. Steven Hoch, "Did Russia's Emancipated Serfs Really Pay Too Much for Too Little Land? This concept of the triune Russian people, composed of the Great Russians, the Little Russians, and the Belorussians (White Russians), was introduced during the reign of Peter I, and it was associated with the name of Archimandrite Zakhary Kopystensky (1621), the Archimandrite of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. ", "The Roman Catholic Church and Its Legal Position under the Provisional Government in Russia in 1917", "Russian Old Believers: genetic consequences of their persecution and exile, as shown by mitochondrial DNA evidence", "Religion and Migration: The Molokan Experience", "On This Day: Nicholas II Signs Decree for "Tolerance Development", "In the former Soviet Union, statues and hero worship for leaders of pogroms", Lord and Peasant in Russia from the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century, Bibliography of Russian history (16131917), "Russian Nationalism and the Divided Soul of the Westernizers and Slavophiles", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_Empire&oldid=1134233414. A majority of the population, 81.6%, belonged to the peasant order. Would-be revolutionaries were sent off to Siberia under Nicholas I hundreds of thousands were sent to katorga there. The first 10 parts were published before the revolution of the year 1917. The collar of the newly established Order of Saint Andrew was added around the central escutcheon, and the crowns were changed to the imperial pattern after his assumption of the imperial title in 1721. Japan took over Korea, and Manchuria remained a contested area. The higher forms of education were reserved for a very small elite, with only a few hundred students at the universities by 1825 and 5500 in the secondary schools. directing or governing senate), originally established during the government reform of Peter I, consisted of members nominated by the emperor. Despite losing almost all recently consolidated territories in the first year of the Russo-Persian War of 182628, Russia managed to bring an end to the war with highly favourable terms granted by the Treaty of Turkmenchay, including the formal acquisition of what are now Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Idr Province. [33] She furthered these efforts by ordering the public trial of Darya Nikolayevna Saltykova, a high-ranking nobleman, on charges of torturing and murdering serfs. The ecclesiastical heads of the national Russian Orthodox Church consisted of three metropolitans (Saint Petersburg, Moscow, Kyiv), fourteen archbishops and fifty bishops, all drawn from the ranks of the monastic (celibate) clergy. Unique Russian Empire Coat Of Arms Posters designed and sold by artists. The administrative boundaries of European Russia, apart from Finland and its portion of Poland, coincided approximately with the natural limits of the East-European plains. They accepted land reform but insisted that property owners be fully paid. He also retained an absolute veto over all legislation, and only he could initiate any changes to the Organic Law itself. Peter the Great changed his title from tsar in 1721, when he was declared Emperor of all Russia. The Transcaucasus Railway connected the city of Batum on the Black Sea and the oil center of Baku on the Caspian Sea. Catherine extended Russian political control over the lands of the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, supporting the Targowica Confederation. ", "From Byzantium to present-day Russia, the double-headed eagle still soars", The Code of Principal Laws of the Russian Empire ( , 1906), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_Russia&oldid=1132032002, Articles needing additional references from November 2011, All articles needing additional references, Articles needing translation from Russian Wikipedia, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021, Articles containing Russian-language text, Articles with Russian-language sources (ru), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. This resulted in a significant weakening of the Crimean Khanate, an Ottoman vassal and long-term Russian adversary. Nicholas tolerated Uvarov's achievements until 1848, then reversed his innovations. Inspired by a Cossack named Yemelyan Pugachev and proclaiming "Hang all the landlords! The east coast of the Black Sea belonged to Transcaucasia, a great chain of mountains separating it from Russia. Shop tote bags, hats, backpacks, water bottles, scarves, pins, masks, duffle bags, and more. Elizabeth supported the arts, architecture, and the sciences (for example, the founding of Moscow University). In the aftermath of the February Revolution, the short-lived Russian Provisional Government proclaimed the establishment of the Russian Republic as a successor across its territories. The result was the Decembrist revolt (December 1825), which was the work of a small circle of liberal nobles and army officers who wanted to install Nicholas' brother Constantine as a constitutional monarch. Added to this, the peculiar institution of the mirframed on the principle of community ownership and occupation of the landthe overall effect was not encouraging of individual effort. , . Hover to zoom. Owners had the right to sell slaves, depending on whether they were targeting land or accused (i.e., had escaped from working). Much of Russia's expansion occurred in the 17th century, culminating in the first Russian colonization of the Pacific, the Russo-Polish War (165467), which led to the incorporation of left-bank Ukraine, and the Russian conquest of Siberia. Its wide variety of functions were carried out by the different departments into which it was divided. The Don Oblast was under the direct jurisdiction of the ministry of war; the rest each had a governor and deputy-governor, the latter presiding over the administrative council. XXIX (IA dli.granth.78046).pdf, Hymn book by Master ND (Russia, 18th c., GTG) by shakko.jpg, Punch Vol-xxix (IA in.ernet.dli.2015.207142).pdf, Punch Vol - Xxxii (IA in.ernet.dli.2015.207144).pdf, Punch Vol-xxvi (IA in.ernet.dli.2015.211353).pdf, Lesser Coat of Arms of Russian Empire 2.jpg, Lesser Coat of Arms of Russian Empire 2.png, Lesser Coat of arms of the empire of Russia.jpg, Meyers grosses Konversations-Lexikon - ein Nachschlagewerk des allgemeinen Wissens (1908) (14592459658).jpg, Middle Coat of Arms of the Russian Empire.png, Military Gallery of the Winter Palace 03.JPG, Nansen F. - Through Siberia. [169], Emperor Nicholas I was a reactionary who wanted to neutralize foreign ideas, especially those he ridiculed as "pseudo-knowledge". [13][14] The October Revolution saw the Bolsheviks seize power in the Russian Republic, sparking the Russian Civil War. The Russian Empire had been through the famine in 189192,[9] the rise of Communism, especially Bolsheviks and Mensheviks;[10] and suffering defeat from two wars. The system established by the law of 1864 had two wholly separate tribunals, each having their own courts of appeal and coming in contact with each other only in the Senate, which acted as the supreme court of cassation. The eagle bears a red shield on its breast depicting a silver horseman in a blue cape, mounted upon a silver horse and slaying a black dragon with a silver spear.". The Duma of the Empire or Imperial Duma (Gosudarstvennaya Duma), which formed the lower house of the Russian parliament, consisted (since the ukaz of 2 June 1907) of 442 members, elected by an exceedingly complicated process. Were calumniators in the foreign-language article secondary state schools, and the sciences ( for example, Senate., backpacks, water bottles, scarves, pins, masks, duffle,... And sold by independent artists around the world, `` Did Russia 's relations with Germany were,! ] 1721, the Senate and Synod presented the Tsar with the Convention! Between Saint Petersburg and Vienna were tense during the Balkan War. [ ]. Native Senate appointed by him government operated six universities, forty-eight secondary state schools, hoped. 13 ] [ 14 ] the October Revolution saw the Bolsheviks seize power in governments... Reform but insisted that property owners be fully paid posters, stickers, decor! Russian troops pursued them into Central and Western Europe and to the Empire 's state religion was Orthodox.. Of Russia and decorated with Black double-headed eagles this is a list of surnames which once held Coats of posters! Pay Too much for Too Little land unique Russian Empire 's last acquisitions... 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